Introduction to Chemical Energetics
Learning outcomes - after studying this topic, you should be able to:
- identify the system and the surroundings in a chemical process
- identify the ways in which energy is transferred in a chemical process
- identify the sign of heat and work in chemical processes
- give examples of chemical reactions that do work
- calculate energies in Joules or Calories
- calculate the energy required to change the temperature of a substance using its heat capacity
- calculate the energy released or absorbed by a reaction from data obtained using a bomb calorimeter
- explain the origin of the heat of reaction
- understand the relationship between internal energy and enthalpy
- calculate ΔH of a reaction using Hess's Law of heat summation
- calculate ΔH0 of a reaction using tables of ΔfH
- appreciate the origin of heat release in net bond breakage
- explain the origin of gas expansion and heat transfer in terms of probability
- understand the microscopic definition of entropy in terms of the number of ways of arranging a system
- define both the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics
- predict the entropy changes between some simple chemical systems
- calculate ΔS of a reaction using tables of standard entropies
- calculate ΔunivS or ΔG of a reaction and predict spontaneity
- understand the relationship between ΔunivS and ΔG
- calculate ΔG0 based on values of ΔH0 and ΔS0 or from values of ΔfG0
- explain the effects of temperature and pressure on ΔG0
- explain in principle how one maximizes the useful work obtainable from a chemical reaction
Textbook and eBook References
Lecture Notes, Tutorial Worksheets & Answers and Suggested Exam Questions
ChemCAL, iChem and Contributed Resources
Marbles defy marbles
Description: Clip from You Tube showing marbles breaking the 2nd Law
Tags: Entropy | 2nd Law
Contributed by Adam Bridgeman
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Hunt for absolute zero
Description: Nobel prize winning scientists discuss the quest for absolute zero
Tags: 3rd Law
Contributed by Adam Bridgeman
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